工(gong)业软件主要包(bao)括工(gong)业应用软件和嵌入式工(gong)业软件。工(gong)业应用软件主要分(fen)三大类,包(bao)含范畴如(ru)图1所示。
图1 工业应用软件包含的(de)范畴
(1)产品(pin)创新数字(zi)化软件领域:支持工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)企业(ye)进(jin)行(xing)(xing)研发创新(xin)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具类和(he)(he)平台类软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)。具体包括(kuo):计(ji)(ji)(ji)算机辅(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)(CAD,主要包括(kuo)计(ji)(ji)(ji)算机辅(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)机械MCAD和(he)(he)电(dian)气(qi)设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)ECAD)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(CAE)、计(ji)(ji)(ji)算机辅(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(CAM,主要指数(shu)控(kong)编程(cheng)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian))、计(ji)(ji)(ji)算机辅(fu)助(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺规划(CAPP)、电(dian)子设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)自动(dong)化(EDA)、数(shu)字(zi)化制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(digital manufacturing)、产(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)数(shu)据(ju)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)/产(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)全生命(ming)周期管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(PDM/PLM,涵盖了(le)产(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)研发与制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)、产(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)使用(yong)和(he)(he)报废回收再利用(yong)三个(ge)阶段),以(yi)及相关(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)专用(yong)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)。例如(ru)公差分析、软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)代码管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)或(huo)应用(yong)生命(ming)周期管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(CASE/ALM)、大修(xiu)维(wei)护(hu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(MRO)、三维(wei)浏览器、试(shi)验数(shu)据(ju)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)本管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)质(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、三维(wei)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型检查、可(ke)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)性分析等(deng)(deng)。AEC行(xing)(xing)业(ye)(建筑与施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)行(xing)(xing)业(ye))也广泛应用(yong)CAD、CAE软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)。CAD软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)还包括(kuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)厂设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)、船(chuan)舶(bo)设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji),以(yi)及焊接CAD、模(mo)(mo)(mo)具设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)专用(yong)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian),CAD软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)经(jing)历了(le)从(cong)(cong)二维(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)图甩图板,到转向三维(wei)特征(zheng)建模(mo)(mo)(mo),进(jin)而(er)实现基(ji)于模(mo)(mo)(mo)型的(de)(de)产(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)定义(model based definition,MBD)的(de)(de)过程(cheng)。数(shu)字(zi)化制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)主要包括(kuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)厂的(de)(de)设(she)(she)备布局(ju)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、物(wu)流仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、人因工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)(deng)功能。CAE软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)包含的(de)(de)门(men)类很多(duo),可(ke)以(yi)从(cong)(cong)多(duo)个(ge)维(wei)度进(jin)行(xing)(xing)划分,主要包括(kuo)运动(dong)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、结构仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、动(dong)力学(xue)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、流体力学(xue)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、热力学(xue)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、电(dian)磁场仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(涵盖铸(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、注塑、焊接、增材制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)、复合材料等(deng)(deng)多(duo)种制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺)、振(zhen)动(dong)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、碰撞仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、疲劳仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、声学(xue)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、爆(bao)炸仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)(deng),以(yi)及设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)优化、拓扑优化、多(duo)物(wu)理(li)(li)场仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等(deng)(deng)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian),另外还有(you)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)数(shu)据(ju)、仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流程(cheng)和(he)(he)仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)知识管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)。近(jin)年(nian)来,在三维(wei)建模(mo)(mo)(mo)技(ji)(ji)(ji)术(shu)、三维(wei)可(ke)视化技(ji)(ji)(ji)术(shu)、虚拟仿(fang)(fang)(fang)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)技(ji)(ji)(ji)术(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)物(wu)联(lian)网技(ji)(ji)(ji)术(shu)的(de)(de)发展与交叉融合的(de)(de)背景下,数(shu)字(zi)孪生技(ji)(ji)(ji)术(shu)(digital twin)应运而(er)生,成(cheng)为(wei)当前学(xue)术(shu)界和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)界关(guan)(guan)注的(de)(de)热点。创成(cheng)式设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)(genrative design)则因引入全新(xin)的(de)(de)设(she)(she)计(ji)(ji)(ji)方式,融合人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)智(zhi)能技(ji)(ji)(ji)术(shu),也成(cheng)为(wei)了(le)业(ye)界关(guan)(guan)注的(de)(de)热点。
(2)管理软件领域:支持企(qi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)业(ye)(ye)(ye)务运(yun)营(ying)的(de)(de)各类管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)软件(jian)。具(ju)(ju)体(ti)包括:企(qi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)资(zi)源(yuan)计划(ERP)、制造执行系(xi)(xi)统(MES)、客户(hu)(hu)关(guan)系(xi)(xi)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(CRM)、供(gong)应链管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(SCM)、供(gong)应商关(guan)系(xi)(xi)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(SRM)、企(qi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)资(zi)产(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(EAM)、人(ren)力资(zi)产(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(HCM)、商业(ye)(ye)(ye)智能(neng)(BI)、高级计划与排程/先进生产(chan)(chan)排程(APS)、质量(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)统(QMS)、项目管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(PM)、能(neng)源(yuan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(EMS)、主(zhu)数(shu)据管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(MDM)、实(shi)验室管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(LIMS)、业(ye)(ye)(ye)务流程管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(BPM)、协同(tong)(tong)办公与企(qi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)门(men)户(hu)(hu)等。ERP是(shi)从物料需求(qiu)计划(MRP)、制造资(zi)源(yuan)计划(MRPII)发展起来(lai)的(de)(de)。CRM、HCM、BI、PM、协同(tong)(tong)办公和企(qi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)门(men)户(hu)(hu)应用于各行各业(ye)(ye)(ye),但工(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)对(dui)这些(xie)系(xi)(xi)统有特定的(de)(de)功能(neng)需求(qiu)。例如,人(ren)力资(zi)产(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)具(ju)(ju)体(ti)包括人(ren)力资(zi)源(yuan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、人(ren)才(cai)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)和劳动(dong)(dong)(dong)力管(guan)理(li)(li)(li),其中,工(gong)业(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)业(ye)(ye)(ye)对(dui)劳动(dong)(dong)(dong)力管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)有特定需求(qiu)。随着移动(dong)(dong)(dong)通信技术的(de)(de)普及(ji),越来(lai)越多(duo)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)软件(jian)支持手机APP、基(ji)于角(jiao)色分(fen)配权(quan)限、集成(cheng)位置信息,能(neng)够将相关(guan)信息推送到不同(tong)(tong)类型的(de)(de)用户(hu)(hu)。
(3)工控软件领(ling)域:支(zhi)持(chi)对设备(bei)和(he)自动化产线进行(xing)管控(kong)、数据(ju)(ju)采(cai)集和(he)安(an)全运行(xing)的(de)软(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。具(ju)体包括:先进过程控(kong)制(zhi)(APC)、集散控(kong)制(zhi)系统(DCS)、可(ke)编(bian)程逻辑(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(PLC)、数据(ju)(ju)采(cai)集与(yu)(yu)监(jian)视控(kong)制(zhi)系统(SCADA)、组态(tai)软(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、分布式(shi)数控(kong)与(yu)(yu)机器(qi)数据(ju)(ju)采(cai)集(DNC/MDC),以及工业(ye)网络安(an)全软(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)。其中,DCS、PLC和(he)SCADA的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)软(ruan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)与(yu)(yu)硬(ying)件(jian)(jian)(jian)设备(bei)紧密集成,是工业(ye)物联网应用的(de)基(ji)础。
工(gong)业应用软件(jian)的(de)特质是包含复杂的(de)算法和逻辑、融合(he)工(gong)程实(shi)践的(de)Know-how、与硬(ying)件(jian)系统(tong)和设备集成(cheng)、具有鲜明(ming)的(de)行业特点(dian)、能够满足客(ke)户的(de)个性(xing)化需求、提供二次开发(fa)平(ping)台、实(shi)现端(duan)到端(duan)的(de)集成(cheng)应用才(cai)能发(fa)挥预期价(jia)值等。因(yin)此,很多工(gong)业软件(jian)企(qi)业将软件(jian)进行配置,形成(cheng)行业解决方案,以便缩短实(shi)施与交付周期。
工(gong)业软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)具有(you)鲜明的(de)行(xing)业特质(zhi),不同行(xing)业、不同生产(chan)模式、不同产(chan)品类型(xing)的(de)制造(zao)企(qi)业,对(dui)工(gong)业软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)的(de)需(xu)求差异(yi)很大。因此,工(gong)业软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)很强(qiang)的(de)可配置性,并具备二次(ci)开(kai)发(fa)的(de)能(neng)力。工(gong)业软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)蕴含着业务流程(cheng)和工(gong)艺(yi)流程(cheng),包含诸多算法,因此,需(xu)要(yao)(yao)结合(he)企(qi)业的(de)实(shi)际需(xu)求进行(xing)实(shi)施和落地(di)。制造(zao)企(qi)业需(xu)要(yao)(yao)应用(yong)的(de)工(gong)业软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)类型(xing)众多,要(yao)(yao)取得(de)实(shi)效,需(xu)要(yao)(yao)实(shi)现工(gong)业软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)的(de)集(ji)成,构建集(ji)成平台。
工业软件(jian)正在(zai)从以下7个方面进(jin)行演进(jin):
1)工业(ye)(ye)软(ruan)件正在重塑制造业(ye)(ye)
工(gong)业(ye)软件的重要程度不断提升,软件成为(wei)体现产品差(cha)异化(hua)的关(guan)键。例如(ru),70%的汽(qi)车创(chuang)新来自汽(qi)车电子(zi),而60%的汽(qi)车电子(zi)创(chuang)新属于软件创(chuang)新;智(zhi)能(neng)手机的核心差(cha)异化(hua)主要体现在操作(zuo)系(xi)统和应用软件,直接(jie)影响(xiang)用户体验。另外(wai),工(gong)业(ye)互联网的应用也涉(she)及到诸多工(gong)业(ye)软件,为(wei)工(gong)业(ye)设备(bei)插上了智(zhi)慧的翅膀。
“软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)定(ding)义”成为(wei)(wei)业(ye)界共识,如(ru)软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)定(ding)义的(de)(de)(de)产(chan)品、软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)定(ding)义的(de)(de)(de)机(ji)器(图2)、软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)定(ding)义的(de)(de)(de)数(shu)(shu)据(ju)中心、软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)定(ding)义的(de)(de)(de)网络,软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)定(ding)义的(de)(de)(de)业(ye)务流程,数(shu)(shu)据(ju)驱动智(zhi)能(neng)决策等(deng)。对工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)开(kai)发与应(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)效果和掌控(kong)程度,已成为(wei)(wei)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)企(qi)业(ye)体现差异化(hua)竞(jing)争优势的(de)(de)(de)关(guan)键。工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)应(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)贯穿企(qi)业(ye)的(de)(de)(de)整个(ge)价值(zhi)链,从(cong)研(yan)发、工(gong)(gong)(gong)艺、采购、制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)、营(ying)销、物流供(gong)(gong)(gong)应(ying)(ying)(ying)链到服务,打通数(shu)(shu)字主线(digital thread);从(cong)车间(jian)层的(de)(de)(de)生产(chan)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)到企(qi)业(ye)运(yun)营(ying),再到决策,建立产(chan)品、设备、产(chan)线到工(gong)(gong)(gong)厂的(de)(de)(de)数(shu)(shu)字孪生模型(digital twin);从(cong)企(qi)业(ye)内部(bu)到外部(bu),实现与客户、供(gong)(gong)(gong)应(ying)(ying)(ying)商和合(he)作伙伴的(de)(de)(de)互联(lian)和供(gong)(gong)(gong)应(ying)(ying)(ying)链协同(tong),企(qi)业(ye)所有的(de)(de)(de)经营(ying)活(huo)动都离不开(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)全面应(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)。因此,工(gong)(gong)(gong)业(ye)软(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)正在重塑制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)业(ye),成为(wei)(wei)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)业(ye)的(de)(de)(de)数(shu)(shu)字神(shen)经系统。
图2 软(ruan)件定义的(de)机器(qi)(来源:GE)
2)工业软(ruan)件的应用模式走向云端和设备端
工业软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)应(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)模(mo)式(shi)已(yi)经从单(dan)(dan)机应(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)、客(ke)户端(duan)/服(fu)(fu)务器(qi)(qi)(qi)(C/S)、浏览(lan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)/服(fu)(fu)务器(qi)(qi)(qi)(B/S),逐渐(jian)发展到走向(xiang)(xiang)云(yun)端(duan)部署和边缘(yuan)端(duan)部署(嵌入(ru)式(shi)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian))。早期的(de)(de)(de)工业软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)是基(ji)于(yu)PC的(de)(de)(de)单(dan)(dan)机应(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong),很多(duo)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)带有“加密(mi)狗(gou)”。后(hou)来,软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)应(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)出(chu)现了网络版。ERP、SCM等管理软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)应(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)是基(ji)于(yu)C/S的(de)(de)(de)应(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)模(mo)式(shi),需要(yao)在客(ke)户机和服(fu)(fu)务器(qi)(qi)(qi)都安(an)装(zhuang)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian),在服(fu)(fu)务器(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)装(zhuang)数据库。随着互联网的(de)(de)(de)兴(xing)起,越来越多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)工业软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)转(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)B/S架构,不再需要(yao)在客(ke)户端(duan)安(an)装(zhuang)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian),直(zhi)接在浏览(lan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上输入(ru)网址即可(ke)登(deng)录,这使得(de)(de)软(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)(jian)升级(ji)和迁移变得(de)(de)更加便捷。服(fu)(fu)务器(qi)(qi)(qi)虚拟(ni)化、桌面虚拟(ni)化等技(ji)术则可(ke)以帮助企业更好地利用(yong)(yong)服(fu)(fu)务器(qi)(qi)(qi)资源。
此外,很多(duo)智(zhi)能装备,例(li)如(ru)无线通信基站和(he)程控交换机(ji)内部(bu),部(bu)署(shu)了诸多(duo)嵌入式的(de)控制、检测、计(ji)算、通讯等软件。近年来,设备端的(de)边缘(yuan)计(ji)算能力迅速增强,一(yi)些原(yuan)来PC上(shang)部(bu)署(shu)的(de)软件也(ye)移植(zhi)到设备端,实现边缘(yuan)计(ji)算,更(geng)高(gao)效地进行(xing)数据处理和(he)分析。
3)工业(ye)软件的部(bu)署方(fang)式(shi)从企业(ye)内部(bu)转移到外(wai)部(bu)
工业(ye)(ye)软件的(de)(de)部(bu)署(shu)模式从企(qi)业(ye)(ye)内部(bu)部(bu)署(shu)(on premise)转向(xiang)私有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)、公有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)以及(ji)混合(he)云(yun)(yun)。云(yun)(yun)计算(suan)技术的(de)(de)发展,使得(de)企(qi)业(ye)(ye)可以更(geng)高(gao)效、安全(quan)(quan)地(di)管理自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)计算(suan)能力(li)和存储资源,建(jian)立私有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)平台;中小企(qi)业(ye)(ye)可以直接应(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)公有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)服务,不再自(zi)行维护服务器;大型企(qi)业(ye)(ye)则可以将涉(she)及(ji)关键业(ye)(ye)务和数(shu)据(ju)的(de)(de)应(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)系(xi)统放在私有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun),而将其(qi)他面向(xiang)客户、供应(ying)(ying)(ying)商及(ji)合(he)作(zuo)伙伴,以及(ji)安全(quan)(quan)级别(bie)要求不高(gao)的(de)(de)应(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)系(xi)统放在外部(bu)的(de)(de)数(shu)据(ju)中心,实现混合(he)云(yun)(yun)应(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
国(guo)外管理(li)软件(jian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)纷纷加速(su)向云(yun)(yun)部署转型,并(bing)购(gou)基于公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)应用(yong)系(xi)统(tong)。向云(yun)(yun)服务(wu)转型,成(cheng)为众多管理(li)软件(jian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)最大的(de)(de)增(zeng)长点。如Salesforce提(ti)供完全(quan)基于公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)CRM系(xi)统(tong),取(qu)得(de)了(le)巨大的(de)(de)成(cheng)功;原(yuan)SolidWorks创业团(tuan)队(dui)创建的(de)(de)Onshape(图3)是(shi)一个完全(quan)基于公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)三(san)维(wei)CAD系(xi)统(tong),可(ke)以(yi)在任何终端进(jin)行三(san)维(wei)设计,方便地进(jin)行协作,已(yi)累计获得(de)1.69亿美元的(de)(de)融资(zi),2019年被PTC公(gong)(gong)司(si)以(yi)4.7亿美元并(bing)购(gou);甲骨(gu)文公(gong)(gong)司(si)已(yi)提(ti)供支(zhi)持多租户的(de)(de)数据库,能够(gou)确(que)保运(yun)行在公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)平台的(de)(de)应用(yong)系(xi)统(tong)能够(gou)彼此(ci)独立(li)。另外,已(yi)有(you)(you)很多软件(jian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)支(zhi)持软件(jian)的(de)(de)灵活部署,可(ke)以(yi)在On Premise、私有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)、公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)云(yun)(yun)和混合云(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)模(mo)式之(zhi)间(jian)动态调整。
随着云(yun)应(ying)用的不断深入(ru),越来越多的企业(ye)用户开始(shi)接(jie)受基于公(gong)有(you)云(yun)的部(bu)署方式,将复杂的IT运维工作交给大型的互联网(wang)IT公(gong)司,例如亚马逊云(yun)(AWS)、微软Azure云(yun)平台等(deng),其最大的优势是管(guan)(guan)理(li)专业(ye)且方便。我国(guo)的阿里云(yun)、华为云(yun)、腾(teng)讯云(yun)、京东云(yun)以及三大电信运营(ying)商也都提供了(le)多种(zhong)形式的云(yun)服务。有(you)的公(gong)司还推出了(le)托(tuo)管(guan)(guan)服务(managed service),帮(bang)助制(zhi)造(zao)企业(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)部(bu)署在企业(ye)内部(bu)的应(ying)用系统。
图3 完(wan)全基(ji)于公有云平台的三维设计软件(jian)Onshape
4)工具类软件从销售许可证转向订(ding)阅模式
工具类软件的(de)销(xiao)售方式(shi)(shi)从(cong)销(xiao)售许可(ke)证(license)转(zhuan)向订(ding)(ding)阅(yue)(yue)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(subscription)。例如,Autodesk公司的(de)CAD软件已经不(bu)再销(xiao)售License,只(zhi)支持订(ding)(ding)阅(yue)(yue)方式(shi)(shi);PTC的(de)Creo软件也在大力转(zhuan)向订(ding)(ding)阅(yue)(yue)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)。订(ding)(ding)阅(yue)(yue)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)软件并不(bu)一定都是(shi)基于云部署,可(ke)以仍然是(shi)在企业内部安装(zhuang),但是(shi)通过订(ding)(ding)阅(yue)(yue)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)定期获得授权密码。
订(ding)阅(yue)模(mo)式是一(yi)种对于(yu)用(yong)(yong)户企(qi)(qi)业(ye)和软(ruan)件(jian)公司而言双赢的(de)模(mo)式。用(yong)(yong)户企(qi)(qi)业(ye)可以根据应(ying)用(yong)(yong)需求,灵活(huo)地(di)增(zeng)减用(yong)(yong)户数,还可以即时(shi)获得最新的(de)软(ruan)件(jian)版本。而对于(yu)软(ruan)件(jian)公司,则(ze)可以确保用(yong)(yong)户产生持续(xu)的(de)现金流。虽(sui)然当(dang)期某个(ge)用(yong)(yong)户企(qi)(qi)业(ye)带(dai)来(lai)的(de)收(shou)(shou)入可能(neng)减少,但是几年(nian)下来(lai),订(ding)阅(yue)服务的(de)收(shou)(shou)入通常会(hui)超过销售固(gu)定(ding)License的(de)营收(shou)(shou)。同时(shi),由(you)于(yu)用(yong)(yong)户企(qi)(qi)业(ye)已经产生了大(da)量数据,也不可能(neng)轻易更换软(ruan)件(jian)。正(zheng)因为如此(ci),有的(de)软(ruan)件(jian)企(qi)(qi)业(ye)在向订(ding)阅(yue)模(mo)式转型的(de)过程中,尽管有几年(nian)时(shi)间营业(ye)收(shou)(shou)入下降,甚至出现亏损,但股票价(jia)格却反而节(jie)(jie)节(jie)(jie)攀升。
5)工业(ye)软件(jian)走(zou)向平台化、组(zu)件(jian)化,解构为工业(ye)APP
工业软(ruan)件(jian)的架(jia)构从紧耦合(he)转向松耦合(he),呈现出组(zu)件(jian)化(hua)、平台化(hua)、服(fu)务(wu)化(hua),PaaS+SaaS的特点(dian)。早期的工业软(ruan)件(jian)是(shi)固(gu)化(hua)的整(zheng)体,牵一发动全(quan)身(shen),修改起来很麻烦。后来出现了面向对(dui)象的开发语(yu)言,进而产生了面向服(fu)务(wu)的架(jia)构(SOA),软(ruan)件(jian)的功能(neng)模(mo)块(kuai)演(yan)化(hua)为Web Service组(zu)件(jian),通(tong)过对(dui)组(zu)件(jian)进行配置,将多个组(zu)件(jian)连接(jie)起来,完(wan)成业务(wu)功能(neng)。
互联网(wang)的(de)浪潮催(cui)生(sheng)了应用服(fu)务提供商(application service provider,ASP),后来演化(hua)为SaaS服(fu)务。然(ran)而,单纯(chun)将软(ruan)件(jian)服(fu)务化(hua)并不能满足(zu)企业客户差异化(hua)的(de)需求(qiu),只有将软(ruan)件(jian)开发(fa)的(de)平(ping)台也迁移到互联网(wang)平(ping)台,才能授(shou)之以(yi)渔。PaaS平(ping)台是否强大,成为工(gong)业软(ruan)件(jian)能否向云模(mo)式成功转型(xing)的(de)关键。
近年来(lai)(lai),又出现(xian)了微(wei)服务架构,每个(ge)微(wei)服务可以用不同的(de)开发工具开发,独立进行运行和(he)维护,通(tong)(tong)过(guo)轻量化的(de)通(tong)(tong)信机(ji)制将微(wei)服务组(zu)合(he)起来(lai)(lai),完成特定功能。管理(li)软件(jian),尤(you)其是电商平台在前台和(he)后台之间,增加(jia)了中台系统,以便能够及(ji)时(shi)处理(li)海量的(de)并发需(xu)求和(he)数据。
工(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)软件正在(zai)解构为(wei)运行于(yu)工(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)云平(ping)台或者工(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)互联网(wang)平(ping)台上的(de)工(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)APP(其(qi)参(can)考(kao)模型(xing)见图4),可(ke)以(yi)实现(xian)即(ji)插即(ji)用(yong),操作(zuo)简便易用(yong),随(sui)需而变。工(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)APP蕴含了工(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)技术(shu)和Know-how。随(sui)着工(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)PaaS的(de)标准不断完(wan)善,不同企(qi)业(ye)(ye)开发的(de)工(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)APP将可(ke)以(yi)实现(xian)互操作(zuo),从(cong)而催生(sheng)工(gong)(gong)业(ye)(ye)APP Store,方便地进行交易和应用(yong)。
图4 工(gong)业(ye)APP参考模型(xing)(来源:工(gong)业(ye)互联网APP白(bai)皮书,工(gong)业(ye)技术(shu)软件化联盟,2018.4)
6)工业软件(jian)的开发环境转(zhuan)向开放、开源
工业软(ruan)件的(de)(de)(de)开(kai)(kai)(kai)发(fa)环(huan)境已从封闭、专用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)平台(tai)走向开(kai)(kai)(kai)放和开(kai)(kai)(kai)源的(de)(de)(de)平台(tai)。Linux操作(zuo)系(xi)统(tong)的(de)(de)(de)广泛应(ying)用(yong)显著降低了(le)(le)企(qi)业的(de)(de)(de)IT成(cheng)本;Java以其跨平台(tai)应(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)特点,得(de)到了(le)(le)工业软(ruan)件开(kai)(kai)(kai)发(fa)商的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)睐;在(zai)人(ren)工智能(neng)领域(yu)(yu),Google推(tui)出了(le)(le)Tensorflow开(kai)(kai)(kai)源引擎,使得(de)企(qi)业可(ke)以快速开(kai)(kai)(kai)展(zhan)相关(guan)应(ying)用(yong);智能(neng)机(ji)器人(ren)领域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)开(kai)(kai)(kai)源操作(zuo)系(xi)统(tong)ROS,使得(de)IT专家能(neng)够快速开(kai)(kai)(kai)发(fa)机(ji)器人(ren)应(ying)用(yong);ARM公司发(fa)布(bu)了(le)(le)开(kai)(kai)(kai)源的(de)(de)(de)物联(lian)网操作(zuo)系(xi)统(tong)Mbed OS。在(zai)CAD软(ruan)件领域(yu)(yu),Intellicad Technology Consortium(ITC组(zu)织(zhi))提(ti)供了(le)(le)一个(ge)类似AutoCAD的(de)(de)(de)CAD开(kai)(kai)(kai)源平台(tai),也(ye)在(zai)全球(qiu)吸引了(le)(le)很多软(ruan)件开(kai)(kai)(kai)发(fa)商。
7)工业软件的运行平台从PC转向移动端
工(gong)业软件的(de)(de)运行(xing)平台从以PC为主,走(zou)向支持(chi)(chi)多种(zhong)(zhong)移动操(cao)作系统(tong)(安卓、苹果、微信小程(cheng)序(xu)等)。如果要开发(fa)支持(chi)(chi)多个移动操(cao)作系统(tong)的(de)(de)APP,对于工(gong)业软件开发(fa)商而言,无疑需要并行(xing)维护(hu)多套系统(tong)。因此,很多工(gong)业软件开发(fa)商选择了基于HTML5来开发(fa)适(shi)应Windows和多种(zhong)(zhong)移动操(cao)作系统(tong)的(de)(de)软件。